Of malicious motes and suspicious sensors

How efficiently can a malicious device disrupt a single-hop wireless network? Imagine two honest players attempting to exchange information in the presence of a malicious adversary that can disrupt communication by jamming or overwriting messages. Assume the adversary has a broadcast budget of β—unknown to the honest players. We show that communication can be delayed for 2β + Θ(lg |V |) rounds, where V is the set of values that the honest players may transmit. We then derive, via reduction to this 3-player game, round complexity lower bounds for several classical n-player problems: 2β+Ω(lg |V |) for reliable broadcast, 2β + Ω(log n) for leader election, and 2β + Ω(k lg |V |/k) for static kselection. We also consider an extension of our adversary model that includes up to t crash failures. Herewe showa bound of 2β+Θ(t) rounds for binary consensus.We provide tight, or nearly tight, upper bounds for all four problems. From these resultswe canderive bounds on the efficiency of malicious disruption, stated in terms of two newmetrics: jamming gain (the ratio of rounds delayed to adversarial broadcasts) and disruption-free complexity (the rounds required to terminate in the special case of no disruption). Two key conclusions of this study: (1) all the problems considered feature semantic vulnerabilities that allow an adversary to disrupt termination more efficiently than simple jamming (i.e., all have a jamming gain greater than1); and (2) for all the problems considered, the round complexity grows linearly with the number of bits to be communicated (i.e., all have a Ω(lg |V |) or Ω(lg n) disruption-free complexity.) © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.